S V O
文型と受動態
能動態を受動態に直すコアは「目的語 → 主語」へのスイッチ。よって受動態にできるのは
第3・第4・第5文型。by句の有無、give
型/buy
型の違いまで、このページで一気に整理しましょう。
📘 目次
1. 文型と受動態(全体像)
受動態の骨格は be + Vpp
。能動態の目的語が受動態の主語になるのが大原則です。
したがって、目的語を持つ第3・第4・第5文型だけが受動態にできます。行為者は必要に応じて
by 〜
で補足します(省略可)。
受動態をラクにする4つの視点
-
受動化できる文型: 第3 第4 第5第4は
give/buy
で前置詞が分岐(右のパネル参照)。 -
by句の扱い:重要なら付ける/不要なら省略(結果重視なら省略が自然)。
-
第4文型の分岐:
give
→to 人
,buy
→for 人
例:A book was given to her.
/A cake was made for him.
-
受動化しにくい目的語: 再帰(
myself
),相互(each other
),同族目的語(dream a dream
など)→ 主語にしづらいので能動のまま扱うのが安全。
O → S
2be
を時制一致
3Vpp
to 人
buy → for 人
is/are + Vpp
/was/were + Vpp
/
has/have been + Vpp
/is/are being + Vpp
📌 なぜ「能動→受動」変換を鍛える?
-
⏱️読解が速くなる:論文・ニュースに多い受動(
be + Vpp
)を一瞬で処理。 -
🎯焦点を操れる:主語にしたい語を前に出せる=伝えたい順をコントロール。
-
🛡️ミスが減る:
to/for
・it
・by
の扱いが「型」で固定。 -
📝試験に強い:能動⇔受動の言い換え(パラフレーズ)で取りこぼさない。
The committee awarded her a prize.
She was awarded a prize.
A prize was awarded to her.
O → S
/be
時制一致/Vpp
give型=to 人
buy型=for 人
by 〜
は重要な時だけ
代名詞の物 → It
主語が自然
🔑 受動化の基本ポイント
-
🔹
対象の文型: 第3文型 第4文型 第5文型
(目的語が主語へスイッチ) -
🔹
by句: 行為者が重要なときだけ追加。不要なら省略してOK。
-
🔹
第4文型の分岐:
give
型は 人もものも主語にでき、残った人にはto
を付けるのが一般的。
buy
型は通常 ものを主語にし、人にはfor
を用いる。 -
🔹
受動化できない例: 再帰代名詞(
myself
など)/相互代名詞(each other
)/同族目的語(dream a dream
など)は主語にしない。
文型 | 能動の型 | 受動の基本型 | 例(受動) | メモ |
---|---|---|---|---|
第3文型 | S + V + O |
▶ S + be + Vpp (+ by〜) |
Tom was invited (by us). | by句は任意 |
第4文型(give型) | S + V + O(人) + O(物) |
▶ 人/物 を主語に to 人 を付けるのが一般的 |
She was given a book. / A book was given to her. | 両方向OK(残りの人にto ) |
第4文型(buy型) | S + V + O(人) + O(物) |
▶ 通常 物 を主語に | A book was bought for her. | for 人 |
第5文型 | S + V + O + C |
▶ O → 主語 、C はそのまま |
The child was called Tom. | 知覚・使役は to 不定詞 |
💬 例文で感覚をつかもう!
The report was completed yesterday.
(その報告書は昨日完成した。)
構造:S + be + Vpp / 時制:過去
🔍 行為者が重要でなければ by 〜 は省略。
She was not given any details.
(彼女には詳細が与えられなかった。)
構造:S + be + not + Vpp
🔁 もう一方の形:Details were not given to her.
Was the child called Tom?
(その子はトムと呼ばれましたか。)
構造:Be動詞を前置 → Was + S + Vpp ... ?
My heart was touched by your words.
(あなたの言葉に心が動かされた。)
💡 定番フレーズ:I was moved by your kindness. もよく使われます。
🚀 モチベーションブースト:
「できた項目にチェック」は達成感を可視化し、進捗の自己効力感を高めます。上の表の4行(第3/第4-give/第4-buy/第5)を 今日中に声に出して暗唱 → チェック ✅ を付けましょう。脳は“進んでいる実感”で次の学習を後押しします。
👇 次はここへ進もう
2. 第3文型:S + V + O の受動態
コアは O(能動) → S(受動)
の入れ替え。動詞は be(時制) + Vpp
に変形し、
行為者は必要に応じて by 〜
で補います(省略可)。
- 目的語 O を主語 S に:
O → S
- 動詞を受動形へ:
be(時制) + Vpp
にする - 行為者を足すなら:
by + 行為者
(不要なら省略)
時制・相 | 能動(SVO) | 受動(S + be + Vpp [+ by]) | メモ |
---|---|---|---|
現在 | Students respect him. |
He is respected (by students). |
by句は任意 |
過去 | They invited Tom. |
Tom was invited (by them). |
主語に合わせて be を変化 |
進行 | They are painting the wall. |
The wall is being painted. |
is being + Vpp |
完了 | We have finished the work. |
The work has been finished. |
have/has + been + Vpp |
未来 | We will publish the report. |
The report will be published. |
will be + Vpp |
- 行為者が不明・無関係なら
by 〜
は省略。 - have, lack, hold, suit など一部の動詞は基本的に受動にしない運用が自然。
- 自然な主語にならないときは無理に受動にしない(読みにくくなる場合がある)。
💬 例文で感覚をつかもう!(第3文型 SVO → 受動)
基本形
The room is cleaned every morning.
(その部屋は毎朝掃除される。)
構造:S + be + Vpp / 習慣を表す副詞句と相性◎
The package was not delivered on time.
(荷物は時間どおりに配達されなかった。)
構造:S + be + not + Vpp
Was the meeting recorded?
(その会議は記録されましたか。)
構造:Be を前置 → Was + S + Vpp ... ?
時制・相のバリエーション
The wall is being painted now.
(その壁はいま塗装されている最中だ。)
型:is/are being + Vpp
(「進行の受動」)
The project has been approved.
(その企画は承認されたところだ/承認済みだ。)
型:have/has been + Vpp
The report will be published next week.
(そのレポートは来週公開される予定だ。)
型:will be + Vpp
助動詞+受動/副詞位置
This manual can be downloaded for free.
(このマニュアルは無料でダウンロードできる。)
型:modal + be + Vpp
(can, must, should など)
He is often praised by his teacher.
(彼は先生によく褒められる。)
副詞は be の直後に置く:is often praised
by句の扱い(省略/明示)
The contract was signed yesterday.
(契約書は昨日署名された。)
行為者が文脈上重要でない/明らかなときは省略が自然。
The painting was restored by experts.
(その絵画は専門家によって修復された。)
行為者が重要情報なら by + 行為者
を添える。
表現の幅
The window got broken last night.
(昨夜、窓が割れちゃった。)
会話では get + Vpp
も使われる(くだけた言い方)。
I was moved by your kindness.
(あなたの優しさに心を動かされた。)
💡 定番で丁寧。touched/impressed でもOK。
🚀 ミニ習慣:上の10例から3つ選んで、英語→日本語→英語の順で口に出して往復練習。生成効果(自分で再生産する行為)が記憶を強化します。終わったら「✓」を付けて自己効力感をブースト!
❌ よくある誤り → ✅ 正しい形(第3文型の受動)
原因 → ルール → 直し方 の順にサクッと修正ポイントを確認できます。
× He is respects by students.
✅ He is respected (by students).
- 原因:
be
の後に動詞の原形を置いている。 - ルール:受動は
be(時制) + 過去分詞(Vpp)
。 - 直し方:
respect
→respected
に。
× He was invited from them.
✅ He was invited by them.
- 原因:行為者に
from
を使用。 - ルール:行為者は
by + 人/組織
。 - 直し方:
from
→by
。
× He was being invited yesterday.
✅ He was invited yesterday.
- 原因:出来事全体を過程として表してしまう。
- ルール:「昨日〜された」のような完結事実は
was + Vpp
が自然。 - 直し方:
was being + Vpp
を単純過去の受動に。
× He is praised often by his teacher.
✅ He is often praised by his teacher.
- 原因:頻度副詞の位置が不自然。
- ルール:頻度副詞は通常
be
の直後。 - 直し方:
is often praised
の語順に。
× He was happened yesterday.
✅ It happened to him yesterday.
- 原因:
happen
のような自動詞を受動に。 - ルール:受動は基本「他動詞」が対象。
- 直し方:能動で自然な主語に組み替える。
× Myself was hurt when I fell.
✅ I was hurt when I fell.
- 原因:再帰代名詞を主語にして受動化。
- ルール:再帰・相互・同族目的語は受動の主語にしない。
- 直し方:自然な主語(
I
)で受動に。
× He was praised by they.
✅ He was praised by them.
- 原因:前置詞の目的語に主格を使用。
- ルール:
by
の後は目的格(me / him / them
)。 - 直し方:
they
→them
。
× The book is wrote in English.
✅ The book is written in English.
- 原因:不規則動詞のVppを誤用。
- ルール:
write–wrote–written
のようにVppを暗記。 - 直し方:
wrote
→written
。
by 〜
=行為者
前置詞 | コアイメージ | 役割 | 受動の例 | 誤用注意 |
---|---|---|---|---|
by | 起点・影響源 | 行為者(誰によって)👤 | He was invited by them. |
×道具に使わない(道具は with ) |
with | 道具の同伴 | 道具・手段(何で)🛠 | The wall was painted with a roller. |
×人が行為者なら by |
for | 受益・目的 | 受益者(誰のために)🎁 | Lunch was prepared for us. |
行為者とは別。by us =「私たちによって」 |
in | 内包・枠内 | 言語・媒体・状態 🗣 | The book was written in English. |
×with English は不可 |
to | 到達点 | 伝達先・対象 🎯 | The policy was explained to employees. |
能動:explain A to B → 受動:A is explained to B |
as | 役割ラベル | ~として(評価・役割)🏷 | He is regarded as a pioneer. |
known なら to / for / as の使い分けに注意(下欄) |
🧱 made
の前置詞
- of 形が残る素材 →
The chair is made of wood.
- from 原形が変化 →
Cheese is made from milk.
- with 材料の一つ →
Pasta is made with eggs.
- out of 具体物を材料 →
The ship was made out of steel.
🔎 known
の前置詞
- to 相手 →
He is known to us.
- for 理由・特徴 →
She is known for her kindness.
- as 身分・肩書 →
They are known as experts.
🎓 上級:前置詞受動
動詞+前置詞の目的語が主語へ。
People laughed at him.
He was laughed at.
He was laughed by them.
は不可パターン | 原形 | 過去形 | 過去分詞 (Vpp) | 例(受動) | メモ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABC | write | wrote | written |
The report was written last year. |
頻出 論文・書類などで鉄板 |
ABC | choose | chose | chosen |
He was chosen by the team. |
役割なら chosen as 〜 も可 |
ABC | speak | spoke | spoken |
English is spoken worldwide. |
be spoken =「話されている」 |
ABC | break | broke | broken |
The window was broken by a ball. |
結果形容詞でも多用(broken glass) |
ABC | steal | stole | stolen |
The bike was stolen last night. |
行為者は多く省略 |
ABC | wear | wore | worn |
The dress was worn by the actress. |
受賞式・舞台などの描写で◎ |
ABC | give | gave | given |
She was given an award. |
to 人 でも可(第4文型の応用) |
ABC | take | took | taken |
The photo was taken in Kyoto. |
写真・測定などで頻出 |
ABC | drive | drove | driven |
The car was driven by Tom. |
受動で行為者を明示しやすい |
ABC | freeze | froze | frozen |
The account was frozen by the bank. |
資産・口座の凍結で多用 |
ABC | know | knew | known |
He is known to the public. |
to/for/as の使い分けに注意 |
ABC | grow | grew | grown |
Vegetables are grown organically. |
受動で「栽培される」 |
ABC | eat | ate | eaten |
The cake was eaten already. |
被害のニュアンスも出せる |
ABB | build | built | built |
The bridge was built in 1990. |
頻出 施設・インフラの説明 |
ABB | send | sent | sent |
The email was sent yesterday. |
業務連絡で定番 |
ABB | teach | taught | taught |
He was taught by his father. |
by 人 を付けやすい |
ABB | sell | sold | sold |
The house was sold last week. |
価格なら for $〜 |
ABB | tell | told | told |
He was told to wait. |
to 不定詞 を伴いやすい |
ABB | pay | paid | paid |
The bill was paid. |
受動で「支払済み」表現 |
ABB | make | made | made |
It was made in Japan. |
made of/from は下欄参照 |
ABB | keep | kept | kept |
The door was kept open. |
状態保持の受動 |
ABB | catch | caught | caught |
The thief was caught. |
行為者は省略されがち |
ABB | bring | brought | brought |
The documents were brought by courier. |
受け取り文脈に◎ |
ABB | think | thought | thought |
It is thought that ... |
形式主語の受動で頻出 |
ABB | hold | held | held |
The meeting was held yesterday. |
会合・大会で定番 |
ABB | find | found | found |
The key was found under the table. |
結果の提示に便利 |
ABB | leave | left | left |
The lights were left on. |
「〜のままにされた」 |
AAA | cut | cut | cut |
The budget was cut. |
頻出 ニュース用例多い |
AAA | put | put | put |
The book was put on the shelf. |
場所副詞句と相性良 |
AAA | set | set | set |
The date was set for Monday. |
予定・基準の設定で |
ABC | sink | sank | sunk |
The ship was sunk by a torpedo. |
sunken は形容詞(a sunken ship) |
AAA 原形=過去形=Vpp ABB 過去形=Vpp ABC 3形すべて異なる 頻出=受動文で特に見かけやすい
👶 born / borne
be born
(受動形の慣用)She was born in 1990.
borne
(bear のVpp)The costs were borne by the company.
🖼 hung / hanged
hung
(掛ける)The painting was hung on the wall.
hanged
(絞首刑・歴史的)He was hanged in 1900.
✅ proved / proven
- どちらもVpp可:
The method was proved/proven effective.
- proven は形容詞も多用(a proven method)
🥤 drunk / drank
drink–drank–drunk
The wine was drunk
(Vpp)/a drunken man は形容詞
📌 用語ガイド(受動を読むための最小セット)
文の中心になる名詞。受動では「能動の O」が主語に。
He was invited.
They invited him.
→ 受動:He was invited.
be(時制) + 過去分詞(Vpp)
の形にする。
is invited / was invited / has been invited
be
が担う・語彙動詞は常に Vpp
動作の対象。受動化で主語へ移動(第3文型)。
Students respect him → He is respected.
by 〜
受動・完了を作る形。過去形と別物。
write–wrote–written
The report was written.
(wroteは不可)主語と時制に合わせて変化(is/are/was/were/has been/will be)。
He was invited. / They were invited.
be
を変え、Vpp
は固定「誰によって」。情報が重要なときだけ付ける。
He was invited by them.
with
(painted with a roller
)「何で」。行為者ではない。
The wall was painted with a roller.
by 人
「〜に」。伝達動詞と相性が良い。
The policy was explained to employees.
explain A to B
→ 受動:A is explained to B
状態:be + Vpp
(結果状態)
進行:be + being + Vpp
(作業中)
The door is closed.
/ The door is being closed.
会話で多いくだけた受動。
The window got broken.
be + Vpp
を推奨S + be(時制) + Vpp (+ by 〜)
be + being + Vpp
完了
have/has + been + Vpp
🧾 セクション2まとめ:第3文型 SVO → 受動
be
を時制化 / Vpp
by 〜
(必要なら)The room is cleaned every morning.
Tom was invited yesterday.
The wall is being painted.
The work has been finished.
The report will be published.
by
=行為者(誰によって)
with
=道具・手段(何で)
for
=受益(誰のために)
in
=言語・媒体(written in English
)
to
=伝達先(explained to A
)
- O → S をまず決める。
be
で時制・数を合わせ、語彙動詞はVpp
に。- 行為者が重要なときだけ
by 〜
を添える。 - 頻度副詞は
be
の直後(is often praised
)。
be + 原形
(×)→be + Vpp
(○)- 行為者に
from
を使う(×)→by
(○) - 自動詞を受動に(例:
was happened
×) - 不規則 Vpp の誤用(
wrote
× →written
○)
They finished the work.
を
現在・過去・進行・完了・未来 の受動に各1文ずつ作成。例)
The work is finished.
/
was finished
/
is being finished
/
has been finished
/
will be finished
be(時制) + Vpp
に、必要なら by + 行為者
を添える──
この3ステップで受動態を作れます。クイズで手を動かして定着させよう!
✨ 小さな「できた!」の積み重ねが記憶を強化。まずは1問、確実に正解しよう!
3. 第4文型:S + V + O(人) + O(物) の受動態
第4文型(SVOO)は、O(人)
と O(物)
のどちらを主語にするかで形が分かれます。
動詞が give
型か buy
型かで、to 人
と for 人
の使い分けが基本。
- give 型:人/物のどちらも主語に可。人を残すなら
to 人
。 - buy 型:通常は 物を主語に。人には
for 人
。 - 語順のコツ:能動
S + V + O(人) + O(物)
→ 受動はO → S
、もう一方はto/for 人
で残す。
タイプ | 能動(SVOO) | 受動(人を主語) | 受動(物を主語) | メモ |
---|---|---|---|---|
give 型 | I gave her a book. |
She was given a book (by me). |
A book was given to her (by me). |
両方向OK/人を残す時は to |
buy 型 | I bought her a book. |
(通常あまりしない) | A book was bought for her (by me). |
基本は物主語/人には for |
S + V + O(人) + O(物)
be(時制) + Vpp
にし、残りの人は to/for 人
💬 例文で感覚をつかもう!(第4文型)
She was given a chance to speak.
(彼女は発言の機会を与えられた。)
型:人
を主語に → S + be + given + 物
A detailed explanation was given to the audience.
(詳しい説明が観客に与えられた。)
to 人
を忘れずに。
The tickets were not bought for us.
(チケットは私たちのために買われなかった。)
for 人
のミス(to
)に注意。
Was any feedback given to the team?
(チームに何かフィードバックは与えられましたか?)
構造:Was + 物 + given + to 人?
A ring was given to her on our anniversary.
(記念日に、彼女に指輪が贈られた。)
💡 物主語+to 人
はフォーマルでも自然。
❌ よくある誤り → ✅ 正しい形
-
×
A book was given for her.
(give 型はto 人
)
✅A book was given to her.
-
×
A book was bought to her.
(buy 型はfor 人
)
✅A book was bought for her.
-
×
She was bought a book.
(英語では不自然になりやすい)
✅A book was bought for her.
🚀 モチベーションブースト:
「to 人 / for 人 を見分けて線を引く」→「声に出して置き換える」の 2 ステップ学習は デュアル・コーディング(視覚+音声)で記憶を強化します。表と例文の to/for に下線を引いてから、音読で定着!
3-1. give
型の受動態
give 型(S + V + O〈人〉 + O〈物〉)は、人/物のどちらも主語にできるのが特徴。
人を残すなら to 人
を添えるのが基本です。
S(人) + be + given + 物 (+ by 〜)
She was given a book.
(彼女は本を与えられた。)
人にスポットを当てる叙述に自然(award/grant/tell など)。
S(物) + be + given + to 人 (+ by 〜)
A book was given to her.
(本が彼女に与えられた。)
to 人
は必須。代名詞の物なら It was given to her.
が自然。
it/this/that
→ 物主語 + to 人
報告書・説明文 → 物主語
能動(SVOO) | 受動(人を主語) | 受動(物を主語) | メモ |
---|---|---|---|
I gave her a book.
(私は彼女に本をあげた。)
|
She was given a book.
(彼女は本を与えられた。)
|
A book was given to her.
(本が彼女に与えられた。)
|
両方向OK/物主語は to 人 必須 |
They offered customers a discount.
(彼らは顧客に割引を提示した。)
|
Customers were offered a discount.
(顧客には割引が提示された。)
|
A discount was offered to customers.
(割引が顧客に提示された。)
|
offer も give 型。ニュース・案内文で頻出。 |
We told him the news.
(私たちは彼にその知らせを伝えた。)
|
He was told the news.
(彼はその知らせを知らされた。)
|
The news was told to him.
(その知らせが彼に伝えられた。)
|
to 不定詞を取る受動も多い:He was told to wait. |
She showed us the plan.
(彼女は私たちに計画を見せた。)
|
We were shown the plan.
(私たちは計画を見せられた。)
|
The plan was shown to us.
(計画が私たちに示された。)
|
解説やデモの文脈で定番。 |
I sent her the file.
(私は彼女にファイルを送った。)
|
She was sent the file.
(彼女にはファイルが送られた。)
|
The file was sent to her.
(ファイルが彼女に送られた。)
|
配送・メールは to が安定。 |
They paid him $100.
(彼らは彼に100ドル支払った。)
|
He was paid $100.
(彼には100ドルが支払われた。)
|
$100 was paid to him.
(100ドルが彼に支払われた。)
|
pay 人 金額 / 金額 + to 人 の両方OK。 |
The committee awarded her a prize.
(委員会は彼女に賞を授与した。)
|
She was awarded a prize.
(彼女は賞を授与された。)
|
A prize was awarded to her.
(賞が彼女に授与された。)
|
grant/award は表彰・許可の文脈で◎。 |
They taught us math.
(彼らは私たちに数学を教えた。)
|
We were taught math.
(私たちは数学を教えられた。)
|
Math was taught to us.
(数学が私たちに教えられた。)
|
学校文脈の定番。内容(物)も人も主語可。 |
物主語なら to 人
を添えるのが基本。
tell/teach
は to 不定詞 が来る受動も多い:He was told to ...
pay 人 金額
/ 金額 + to 人
の両方OK。
💬 例文で感覚をつかもう!(give 型)
基本パターン
We were given clear instructions.
(私たちは明確な指示を与えられた。)
型:S(人) + be + given + 物
Clear instructions were given to us.
(明確な指示が私たちに与えられた。)
to 人
を忘れずに。
時制・相・助動詞
Employees are given two days off per week.
(従業員には週に2日の休暇が与えられる。)
型:are/is + given
(一般事実)
Extra support is being given to the team now.
(追加支援がいまチームに提供されているところだ。)
型:is/are being + given
The grant has been given to the lab.
(助成金は研究室に与えられたところだ/与えられている。)
型:has/have been + given
The prize will be given to the winner tomorrow.
(賞は明日、受賞者に授与される。)
型:will be + given
Support can be given remotely.
(支援はリモートで提供できる。)
型:modal + be + given
(can/must/should など)
代表動詞バリエーション(give 型ファミリー)
He was told to wait.
(彼は待つように言われた。)
受動+to 不定詞
がよく来る。
The plan was shown to stakeholders.
(計画が利害関係者に示された。)
to 人
を添えて対象を明確に。
The file was sent to her yesterday.
(ファイルは昨日、彼女に送られた。)
配送・メール系は to
が安定。
A discount was offered to customers.
(割引が顧客に提示された。)
案内文・お知らせで頻出。
She was awarded first prize.
(彼女は最優秀賞を授与された。)
人主語でも自然(授賞ニュース)。
He was paid $100.
(彼は100ドル支払われた。)
金額主語なら:$100 was paid to him.
We were promised a refund.
(私たちは返金を約束された。)
約束内容=物扱いで given
同様の型。
We were taught basic coding.
(私たちは基礎的なコーディングを教えられた。)
物主語版:Basic coding was taught to us.
代名詞の扱い(読みやすさのコツ)
It was given to her yesterday.
(それは昨日、彼女に渡された。)
人主語+it
(She was given it.
)は硬く不自然になりやすい。
They were shown the results, and they were given feedback.
(彼らは結果を見せられ、フィードバックを与えられた。)
自然な語順でリズム良く読める。
恋愛フレーズ(定番)
A bouquet was given to her on Valentine’s Day.
(バレンタインデーに、彼女に花束が贈られた。)
💡 定番で丁寧。A ring was given to her. も同型。
🚀 ミニ習慣:上の各ブロックから1文ずつ選び、英語→日本語→英語で音読往復。交互練習と生成効果で記憶が強化されます。終わったら「✓」で自己効力感UP!
🧪 変換トレーナー(能動→受動 / give 型)
be
を時制・数に合わせる
③ 動詞は Vpp
④ 物主語なら to 人
by
=行為者
to
=伝達先
代名詞の物 → It was given to 人
📝 クイックチェック(give 型)
to 人
be
が時制を担う
❓ よくある質問(give 型・SVOO → 受動)
to 人
人主語 → 人 + be + given + 物
代名詞の物は It
主語が自然
by 〜
は重要な時だけ
It
主語
It was given to her.
。物が代名詞のときは、物を主語にして to 人
を添えるのが読みやすいです。It was given to her.
❌
She was given it.
A prize was awarded to her by the committee.
(授与主体が重要)✅
The file was sent to her.
(行為者は文脈上不要)
to 人
buy 型=for 人
A book was given to her.
(give 型)✅
A book was bought for her.
(buy 型)❌
A book was given for her.
/❌ A book was bought to her.
現代英語の説明文では不自然。通常語順で
A book was given to her.
が◎。
He was told to wait.
✅
We were taught to code.
He was paid $100.
$100 was paid to him.
He was paid to $100
to
の誤用に注意。
is/are being + Vpp
has/have been + Vpp
Extra support is being given to the team.
完了:
The grant has been given to the lab.
be + Vpp
be + given
を優先。例:
He got given a ticket.
(口語・地域差あり)→ He was given a ticket.
が無難。
🔊 発音メモ(弱形)+シャドーイング
to
→ [tə]
(子音前)
was
→ [wəz]
/were
→ [wə(r)]
音の連結:given‿to‿her
強勢は内容語(given, prize, plan など)
語 | 弱形(頻出) | よく出る連結 | 例(英→日) |
---|---|---|---|
to |
[tə](子音前)/[tʊ ~ tu](強勢・母音前) | given‿to‿her / sent‿to‿us |
… was given to her (…が彼女に与えられた) |
was / were |
[wəz] / [wə(r)] | was‿offered / were‿shown |
We were shown … (私たちは…を見せられた) |
has/have been |
[həz/əv bɪn](have 弱形+短い been ) |
has‿been‿given |
… has been given … (…が与えられている) |
is/are being |
[ɪz/ər ˈbiːɪŋ](being は素早く二拍) |
is‿being‿given |
… is being given … (…が与えられているところ) |
the / a |
[ðə](子音前)/[ði](強調・母音前)/[ə] | to‿the / awarded‿a |
… to the team (…をチームに) |
🎧 シャドーイング:弱形 → 連結 → リズム
A discount was given to customers.
a DIScount | was GIVen | to CUS-tomers
given‿to
/ 弱形:to → [tə]
, was → [wəz]
We were shown the plan.
WE | were SHOWN | the PLAN
were → [wə(r)]
, the → [ðə]
The grant has been given to the lab.
the GRANT | has been GIVen | to the LAB
has → [həz]
, been → [bɪn]
, to/the → [tə]/[ðə]
Extra support is being given to the team.
EXtra supPORT | is BEing GIVen | to the TEAM
being
は [ˈbiː.ɪŋ](二拍で素早く)A ring was given to her on our anniversary.
a RING | was GIVen | to HER | on our anniVERsary
a → [ə]
, was → [wəz]
, to → [tə]
[wəz] [wə] [tə]
given‿to
/ was‿offered
… | was GIVen | to …
❌ よくある誤り(×→○ で瞬間理解)
to 人
人主語:人 + be + given + 物
代名詞の物=It
主語が自然
by〜
は重要な時だけ
A book was given for her.
A book was given to her.
give
=「相手へ渡す」→ 目的語(物)の後は to 人。for 人
は「ために(受益)」→ buy型で用いられる:A book was bought for her.
She was given it.
It was given to her.
- 物が代名詞(it/this/that)のときは物主語+
to 人
が読みやすい。 - 「She was given it.」は文法上可でも硬く不自然に響きやすい。
He was paid to $100.
He was paid $100.
$100 was paid to him.
pay 人 金額
または金額 was paid to 人
のどちらも可。paid to $100
は前置詞の位置が誤り。
He was told wait.
He was told to wait.
be told
の後で動作内容を言うときは to 不定詞:be told to do
。
To her was given a book.
A book was given to her.
- 現代英語では通常語順が自然:
S(物) + be + Vpp + to 人
。
The plan was shown for us.
The plan was shown to us.
show
は「提示先」をとる → to 人。for 人
は「人のために用意する」ニュアンス(別動詞や別構文)。
The file was sent to her by the team.
(行為者が既知・不要でも多用)
The file was sent to her.
by 〜
は新情報・重要なときだけ。既知なら省略が読みやすい。
🧩 3-1 まとめ(give 型:S + V + O〈人〉 + O〈物〉)
Lesson 032 / 3-1 Summary人 + be + given + 物
物主語:物 + be + given + to 人
be
が時制を担う
代名詞の物 → It
主語が自然
by 〜
は重要な時だけ
能動(SVOO) | 受動(人を主語) | 受動(物を主語) | 要点 |
---|---|---|---|
I gave her a book.
(私は彼女に本をあげた。)
|
She was given a book.
(彼女は本を与えられた。)
|
A book was given to her.
(本が彼女に与えられた。)
|
両方向OK/物主語は to 人 必須 |
They offered customers a discount.
(彼らは顧客に割引を提示した。)
|
Customers were offered a discount.
(顧客には割引が提示された。)
|
A discount was offered to customers.
(割引が顧客に提示された。)
|
ニュース・案内文で頻出(物主語が説明的) |
A prize was awarded to her.
We were shown the plan.
The grant has been given to the lab.
弱形の意識:was → [wəz]
, to → [tə]
, has been → [həz bɪn]
人主語:S(人)+be+given+物
/
物主語:S(物)+be+given+to 人
。
この基本を押さえられているかクイズで確認しよう!
コツ:to 人
を忘れない/be
の時制を合わせる/動詞は必ずVpp
。まずは1問正解して自己効力感を積み上げよう~。
3-2. buy
型の受動態
buy 型(S + V + O〈人〉 + O〈物〉)は、ふつう “物” を主語にして受動化し、“人” の前には for
を置くのが原則。
試験・フォーマル文では for 人
を徹底すると安全です(※会話では一部「人主語」受動も見られますが後述)。
物 + be + Vpp + for 人
to 人
は使わない(buy 型)
be
が時制を担う(is/was/has been...)
能動(SVOO) | 受動(物を主語) | メモ |
---|---|---|
I bought her a book.
(私は彼女に本を買った。)
|
A book was bought for her.
(本が彼女に買われた。)
|
基本形 前置詞は for 。 |
We made him a cake.
(私たちは彼にケーキを作った。)
|
A cake was made for him.
(ケーキが彼のために作られた。)
|
make も buy 型。会話では He was made a cake. も見られるが試験では推奨しない。 |
She cooked us dinner.
(彼女は私たちに夕食を作った。)
|
Dinner was cooked for us.
(夕食が私たちのために作られた。)
|
cook/bake などの「作る」も for 人 。 |
They reserved us a table.
(彼らは私たちに席を予約した。)
|
A table was reserved for us.
(席が私たちのために予約された。)
|
reserve/book/order も buy 型=for 人 。 |
He found me a taxi.
(彼は私のためにタクシーを見つけてくれた。)
|
A taxi was found for me.
(タクシーが私のために見つけられた。)
|
find/get/save (確保する)= for 人 。 |
for 人
が基本。get の受動は地域差(was got/gotten
)。試験は was obtained for 人
等で回避可。
会話では He was made a cake.
もOKだが、学習初期は A cake was made for him.
を推奨。
これらは give 型=to 人
(となりの 3-1 を参照)。
💬 例文で感覚をつかもう!(buy 型)
A book was bought for her.
(本が彼女のために買われた。)
型:S(物) + be + Vpp + for 人
A cake was made for him yesterday.
(昨日、彼のためにケーキが作られた。)
make
は会話で人主語受動も出るが、まずは for 人
を確実に。
A table was reserved for us at seven.
(7時に、私たちのための席が予約された。)
reserve/book/save
=確保する → for 人
時制・相・助動詞(buy 型)
Meals are cooked for patients daily.
(患者のための食事が毎日調理される。)
Extra seats are being saved for guests now.
(今、来賓のための席が確保されているところだ。)
All materials have been prepared for the workshop.
(ワークショップのための資料がすべて準備された。)
Tickets can be booked for you online.
(チケットはあなたのためにオンラインで予約できる。)
恋愛フレーズ(定番)
A ring was bought for her on her birthday.
(彼女の誕生日に、指輪が買われた。)
💡 buy 型=for 人
。A necklace was made for her. も同型。
🧪 変換トレーナー(能動→受動 / buy 型)
O → S
2be
を主語・時制に一致
3Vpp
buy型=for 人
× to 人
🧭 前置詞ミニ表(どれを使う?)
to 人
for 人
with 物
前置詞 | 受動の基本型 | 主な動詞(例) | よく使う例文(英→日) | NG/代替 |
---|---|---|---|---|
for
受益・ために
|
… was Vpp for 人 |
buy, make, cook, bake, reserve, book, order, find, save, prepare
|
A seat was saved for us.
(席が私たちのために確保された。)
|
× saved to us 迷ったら for 人 |
to
到達・宛先
|
… was Vpp to 人 |
send, show, offer, award, give ほか give型
|
A prize was awarded to her.
(賞が彼女に授与された。)
|
× awarded for her ⇒ give型は to 人 |
with
付与・装備
|
人 was Vpp with 物 |
provide, supply, present, equip, furnish
|
She was presented with an award.
(彼女は賞を授与された。)
|
代替:An award was presented to her.
|
参考 | 物 was Vpp to 人 / 人 was Vpp with 物 |
present/provide/supply の両方向 |
Equipment was supplied to the team. The team was supplied with equipment. |
文脈で「何を焦点にするか」で選ぶ |
A cake was made to him.
A cake was made for him.
The plan was shown for us.
The plan was shown to us.
buy/make
などは 物主語+for 人 に統一。provide/present
は be provided/presented with が自然。by 〜
は行為者が重要な時だけ添える。
🔁 言い換えテンプレ(安全な回避策)
「委任・手配」のニュアンスで人主語でも自然。
He had a cake made for him.
We got a table reserved for us.
ポイント:get
はやや口語。完成=done/finishedの含意が出やすい。
「〜が与えられた/支給された」。受け手を主語にするので自然。
Guests were provided with blankets.
Staff were supplied with ID cards.
能動語順:provide/supply A with B
または provide B to A
(toはやや堅め)。
- 他動詞
He received a gift.
- 存在
There was a seat reserved for us.
- 目的語主語
A cake was made for him.
主語の人感を薄め、事実を先に提示できる。
He was made a cake.
は会話では目にするが、試験・フォーマルでは避けるのが無難。✅ 安全策:
He had a cake made for him.
/ A cake was made for him.
/ He received a cake.
be given
, be told
, be asked (to)
, be allowed (to)
, be invited (to)
など。
made for him
は「彼のために作った」。delivered to her
のように移動の到達点は to
を使うのが自然。
have
は中立〜ややフォーマル、get
は口語的。試験や文書では have
を優先すると安全。
be provided/supplied with + 物
。能動は provide/supply 人(A) with 物(B)
または provide 物(B) to 人(A)
(toはやや堅め)。
❓ よくある質問(buy型)
for 人
が基本。宛先(〜へ/に)の to 人
は give型。
A cake was made for him.
❌
A cake was made to him.
A cake was made for her.
△
She was made a cake.
(会話寄り)
Guests were provided with blankets.
物焦点:
Blankets were provided to guests.
for 7 p.m.
(その時刻のために取り置き)もよく使う。汎用の時刻表現は at 7 p.m.
。
A table was reserved for us for 7 p.m.
A table was reserved for us at 7 p.m.
be
に not
疑問:be
を前置
Materials weren't prepared for the event.
疑問:
Were tickets booked for you?
be
に反映(was/were / has been / is being)。got
、米:gotten
。迷うなら別動詞で言い換えが安全。
Tickets were obtained for us.
(=手に入れられた)
A prize was awarded to her by the committee.
◎
The plan was prepared for us.
(行為者は文脈上不要)
🔊 発音メモ(for の弱形)+シャドーイング
for
弱形:[fɚ]/[fə](米)
強形:[fɔːr](英)/[fɔr](米)
内容語に強勢|機能語は弱く短く
連結:bought‿for
/ made‿for
コンテキスト | 弱形(推奨) | 強形(対比・強調) | 例(英→日) |
---|---|---|---|
母音前(for us / for a) | [fɚ](/r/が連結) | [fɔːr] |
Seats were saved for us.
(席が私たちのために確保された)
|
子音前(for her / for you) | [fɚ]/[fə] | [fɔːr] |
A ring was bought for her.
|
対比・訂正(強意) | — | [fɔːr] を明瞭に | Not to you, but for you. (for を強く) |
🎯 3段ラダー:拍 → チャンク → 全文
A cake was made for him.
made‿for
を滑らかに。A table was reserved for us at seven.
was‿reserved
も連結。Meals are cooked for patients daily.
A ring was bought for her on her birthday.
bought‿for
の摩擦を短く。- 対比・訂正:Not to you, but for you.
- 文末で意味を立てたい:It was for you.
- 機能語(for)は**短く**、内容語(made, bought…)に**強勢**。
for + 母音
は [fɚ] で**連結**(for‿us
)。
❌ よくある誤り(×→○ で瞬間理解:buy 型)
S(物) + be + Vpp + for 人
give型=to 人
by 〜 は重要時のみ
代名詞の物 → It
主語が自然
A book was bought to her.
A book was bought for her.
buy/make/reserve/find などの「受益」は for 人。to 人
は give 型(宛先)。
She was made a cake.
A cake was made for her.
会話では見られるが、試験・フォーマルは 物主語+for 人 が安全。
A table was reserved to us.
A table was reserved for us (at seven).
reserve/book/save/order
=for 人。
She was presented to an award.
She was presented with an award.
人主語なら with 物
/物主語なら to 人
。
A table was reserved at 7 p.m. for us.
A table was reserved for us at 7 p.m.
どちらも可。短い for 人
を先に置くと読みやすい(短→長の原則)。
Tickets were gotten for us.
Tickets were obtained/bought for us.
英:got
/米:gotten
。迷うなら別動詞で安全に。
Seat was saved for us.
A seat was saved for us.
/Seats were saved for us.
単数不特定 → a
/複数 → 名詞を複数形に。
A cake was made for him by his mother.
A cake was made for him.
by 〜
は行為者が新情報・重要な時だけ添える。
We booked us a room.
→ (S=room / be過去 / for 人)They made him a sandwich.
→ (S=sandwich / for 人)She found me a taxi.
→ (S=taxi / for 人)
🧩 3-2 まとめ(buy 型:for 人
が原則)
Lesson 032 / 3-2 Summary
物 + be + Vpp + for 人
be
が時制を担う
× to 人
(buy型では不可)
短→長:for 人
を先、時間は後
能動(SVOO) | 受動(推奨:物主語+for 人) | ポイント |
---|---|---|
We made him a cake.
(私たちは彼にケーキを作った。)
|
A cake was made for him.
|
buy型 会話の He was made a cake. は試験非推奨 |
They reserved us a table for 7 p.m.
(彼らは7時に席を予約した。)
|
A table was reserved for us for 7 p.m.
|
語順 短い for 人 → 時間の語句 |
She found me a taxi.
(彼女は私のためにタクシーを見つけてくれた。)
|
A taxi was found for me.
|
調達 find/get/save/prepare も for 人 |
We can book you tickets online.
(オンラインでチケットを取ってあげられる。)
|
Tickets can be booked for you online.
|
助動詞 受動でも助動詞はそのまま+be Vpp |
💪 今日の一歩で受動の迷いは激減。「物主語+for 人」が口をついて出れば、読解もスピーキングも一段上へ。
S(物)+be+Vpp+for 人
が原則。to 人
は使いません(to は give型)。まずは安全形の
A cake was made for him.
を軸に、予約・調達系でも同じ発想で解けるか確認しよう~。
ヒント:buy/make/cook/reserve/book/order/find/save
→ for 人
/
be
を時制・数に合わせる(is/are/was/were/has been ...)。
4. 第5文型(SVOC)の受動態
能動:S + V + O + C → 受動:O + be + Vpp + C が基本型。補語Cは位置そのままに残ります。
代表動詞は call, name, elect, appoint, make, keep, find, consider, paint, dye
など。
さらに make/hear/see 等の原形不定詞は、受動で to 不定詞
になるのが最大のポイントです。
O → S
/be
時制一致/Vpp
C(補語)はそのまま
make/hear/see
→ 受動は to 不定詞
肩書は無冠詞:elected president
形容詞C:kept open / found empty
能動(SVOC) | 受動(O + be + Vpp + C) | メモ |
---|---|---|
Everyone called the child Tom.
(みんなはその子をトムと呼んだ。)
|
The child was called Tom (by everyone).
|
名詞C Cは位置そのまま |
They elected her chair.
(彼女を議長に選出した。)
|
She was elected chair.
|
肩書 通常無冠詞/as 省略可 |
We found the room empty.
(部屋が空だと分かった。)
|
The room was found empty.
|
形容詞C opened ではなくopen |
They made him leave early.
(彼に早く出発させた。)
|
He was made to leave early.
|
原形→to 受動でto が必要 |
I heard her sing a song.
(彼女が歌うのを聞いた。)
|
She was heard to sing a song.
|
知覚 to 付与/doing の受動も可 |
💬 例文で感覚をつかもう!(SVOCの受動)
The child S was called be+Vpp Tom C (by everyone).
(その子はみんなにトムと呼ばれた。)
- 型:
O → S
/be
時制一致/Vpp
+Cはそのまま。 - 焦点:呼ばれた“人”を主語にして話題化(情報の主役を前に)。
- 冠詞:
Tom
は固有名詞=無冠詞。肩書・役職も通常無冠詞(↓例2)。 - by句:行為者が新情報なら
by everyone
を追加、既知なら省略が自然。
Everyone (S) called (V) the child (O) Tom (C)
→ The child (S) was called (V) Tom (C)
was called as Tom
(as
は不要)named
でもOK:was named Tom
(意味はほぼ同じ、命名ニュアンス)She S was elected be+Vpp president C (of the club).
(彼女は(そのクラブの)会長に選出された。)
- 冠詞注意:役職は原則無冠詞:
elected president
(×a president
)。 - 語法:
as
は多くの文脈で省略可:was elected (as) president
。 - 対比:
appointed/named
も同型:was appointed director
/was named chair
。
They elected her president.
→ She was elected president.
was elected as a president
(冗長or不自然)as
を置く場合あり(社内規程等)。The door S is kept be+Vpp open C during business hours.
(営業時間中、ドアは開けたままにされている。)
- Cは形容詞:
open
(状態)であってopened
(動作)ではない。 - 意味差:
kept open
=「開いた状態を維持」。found empty
=「空だと判明」。 - 相の運用:
is/was kept
(状態)/has been kept
(継続)もOK。
They keep the door open.
→ The door is kept open.
kept opened
(opened
は過去分詞=動作完了の形)by 〜
は省略して読みやすく。She S was made be+Vpp to feel special to-inf. on their anniversary.
(記念日に、彼女は特別だと感じさせてもらえた。)
- 最大ポイント:
make/hear/see
など能動の原形不定詞は、受動でto
不定詞になる。 - バリエ:
be heard to sing
/be seen to cross
/進行はbe seen/heard doing
。 - レジスター:
let
は原則受動にせずbe allowed to
で安全に言い換え。
They made her feel special.
→ She was made to feel special.
was made feel
(to
抜け)to
は弱く短く。He S was seen be+Vpp to cross to-inf. the street / crossing -ing the street.
(彼が道を渡るのを/渡っているのを見られた。)
- 意味差:
to do
=行為全体、doing
=進行の一場面。 - 書き分け:叙述的にはどちらも可。描写を細かくしたいなら
doing
。
O→S / be時制 / Vpp / Cそのまま
」の4ビートで覚えると定着しやすいです。1日3回、上の例文を声に出して3連読(能動→受動→別動詞言い換え)すると記憶の再固定が促進されます。
⌛ 時制・相・助動詞(SVOC受動)
O → S
/ be
時制一致 / Vpp
/ Cそのまま
進行受動:is/are being + Vpp + C
完了受動:has/have been + Vpp + C
頻度副詞:be
の直後(is often called
)
make/hear/see → 受動は to 不定詞
時制・相 | 受動の型(SVOC) | 例(英) | 解説 |
---|---|---|---|
現在 | S + is/are + Vpp + C |
He is called a genius. |
一般的・恒常的評価。is often called のように副詞は be の直後。 |
進行 | S + is/are being + Vpp + C |
The project is being called a success. |
「いままさにそう呼ばれつつある」プロセス描写。ニュース・速報系で使用。 |
完了 | S + has/have been + Vpp + C |
She has been appointed director. |
現在までの結果(任命が完了し、その状態が続く)。肩書Cは無冠詞が原則。 |
未来 | S + will be + Vpp + C |
He will be elected president. |
見込み・計画。フォーマルは is to be appointed も可(予定)。 |
助動詞 | S + can/must/should ... be + Vpp + C |
The door can be kept open. |
助動詞はそのまま前に置く。否定は助動詞に not :cannot be kept 。 |
稀 | S + has been being + Vpp + C |
She has been being called a leader. |
完了進行受動は冗長で稀。通常は has been called / is being called で十分。 |
He is often called a genius.
(彼はよく天才と呼ばれる。)
- 副詞位置:頻度副詞(often, usually, sometimes)は最初の助動詞/ beの直後。
- 話題化:「彼」を主語にして評価C「a genius」をキープ。
He isn't often called a genius.
疑問:
Is he often called a genius?
短答:
Yes, he is.
/ No, he isn't.
is being kept open(作業の最中)
The door is kept open(状態の記述)
(前者:今まさに開けたままにし続けている/後者:通常そうされている)
- 進行受動:行為の進行中を描く。
be
が2つ連続(is being
)。 - 状態受動:
be + Vpp
が状態を表す定型(SVOCでは C=形容詞open
)。
She has been appointed director.
(彼女はディレクターに任命されている。)
- 含意:任命は完了済みで、今その地位にあるニュアンス。
- 冠詞:役職Cは原則無冠詞(×
a director
)。
The door must not be kept open after 7 p.m.
(ドアは午後7時以降、開けたままにしてはならない。)
- 語順:助動詞 →
not
→be
→Vpp + C
。 - 情報設計:短い語句(
open
)→ 時間句(after 7 p.m.
)の「短→長」。
make/hear/see
の受動 → to 不定詞
They made him leave early.
He was made to leave early.
I saw her sing.
/I saw her singing.
She was seen to sing.
/She was seen singing.
※ let
は受動が不自然になりやすいため be allowed to
で言い換え推奨(例:He was allowed to leave.
)。
- 否定:最初の助動詞/
be
にnot
(isn't kept
/mustn't be kept
)。 - 疑問:最初の助動詞/
be
を前置(Is he called ...?
)。 - 短答:
Yes, he is.
/No, he isn't.
- 副詞位置:
be
の直後(is often called
)。文末副詞は最後(open after 7
)。 - by句:行為者が新情報・重要なら付与、既知なら省略が読みやすい。
- 肩書C:無冠詞(
elected president
/appointed director
)。
They are keeping the door open.
答え
The door is being kept open.
is being + Vpp
。C(open)は位置そのまま。The committee has appointed her director.
答え
She has been appointed director (by the committee).
has been + Vpp
。肩書Cは無冠詞。People will call the idea brilliant.
答え
The idea will be called brilliant.
will be + Vpp
。副詞は will
の後に可(will often be called
)。O→S / be時制 / Vpp / C固定
」の4カウントで声出し反復。朝・昼・夜の各1回、上の例文を能動→受動→語順読み(例:idea → will be called → brilliant)で3サイクル唱えると、翌日の定着率が大幅に向上します。
❌ よくある誤り(×→○:SVOC受動)
O → S
/ be
時制一致 / Vpp
/ Cそのまま
使役・知覚 → 受動は to 不定詞
肩書Cは無冠詞:elected president
状態Cは形容詞:kept open
副詞は be
の直後:is often called
He was made leave early.
He was made to leave early.
make O do
→ 受動:O be made to do
。to を忘れがち。She was heard sing a song.
She was heard to sing a song.
/ She was heard singing a song.
to do
=行為全体/doing
=進行の一場面。He was elected a president.
He was elected president.
appointed director
/ named chair
も同様。The door was kept opened.
The door was kept open.
opened
は“開けられた”動作の痕跡。He was called as a hero.
He was called a hero.
/ He was named a hero.
call/name O C
は as
不要(役割・身分の明示で as
を置くのは appoint
など一部表現でスタイル次第)。He is considered as a genius.
He is considered (to be) a genius.
consider O C
が基本。受動は be considered (to be) C
。as
は冗長になりがち。The wall was painted to blue.
The wall was painted blue.
(C=色)◎ 手段なら:
The wall was painted with blue paint.
with
は道具・材料。He is called often a genius.
He is often called a genius.
be
の直後(is often called
)。A door was kept open by the staff.
The door was kept open.
(行為者が不要なら省略)
by
を添える。The door is kept open now.(いま作業中)
The door is being kept open now.
(作業の最中)
is kept
は状態叙述/「いま行っている最中」は is being + Vpp
を用いる。📝 ミニクイズ(能動 → 受動 / SVOC)
O → S
/ be
時制一致 / Vpp
/ Cそのまま
使役・知覚 → 受動は to 不定詞
副詞は be
の直後(is often called
)
肩書は無冠詞(elected president
)
❓ よくある質問(SVOCの受動)
to
不定詞
肩書Cは無冠詞(elected president)
状態Cは形容詞(kept open)
副詞は be
の直後(is often called)
She was elected president.
She was appointed director.
△
She was appointed as a director.
(スタイル次第)
He was called a hero.
/ He was named a hero.
が自然。
as
は冗長になりがち。The door was kept open.
(× opened
)
The window was found broken.
(形容詞的分詞のC)
to
不定詞に:He was made to leave.
/She was heard to sing.
be seen/heard doing
も可。be considered (to be) C
。as
は冗長になりやすい。
He is considered (to be) a genius.
The wall was painted blue.
手段は with
:painted with blue paint
。
be
の直後:He is often called a genius.
(× called often
)
A prize was awarded to her by the committee.
(新情報)The plan was found feasible.
(行為者不要)
is/are being + Vpp + C
は「作業中」。is/are + Vpp + C
は「状態」。
The door is being kept open now.
(最中)The door is kept open.
(常態)
be allowed to
で安全に言い換え。慣用の be let go
(解雇される)は別。
He was allowed to leave.
🧩 4. まとめ(第5文型:SVOC → O + be + Vpp + C
)
Lesson 032 / Section 4
be
時制 / Vpp
C(補語)はそのまま残す
使役・知覚 → 受動は to
不定詞
肩書Cは無冠詞(elected president)
状態C=形容詞(kept open)
副詞は be
の直後(is often called)
能動(SVOC) | 受動(O + be + Vpp + C) | ポイント |
---|---|---|
Everyone called the child Tom.
(みんなはその子をトムと呼んだ。)
|
The child was called Tom.
|
名詞C Cは位置キープ/as 不要 |
The committee appointed her director.
(委員会は彼女をディレクターに任命した。)
|
She was appointed director.
|
肩書 原則無冠詞/as はスタイル次第 |
They kept the door open.
(彼らはドアを開けたままにした。)
|
The door was kept open.
|
形容詞C opened ではなく open |
They made her feel special.
(彼らは彼女を特別だと感じさせた。)
|
She was made to feel special.
|
使役 原形→受動で to 必須 |
I saw him cross the street.
(私は彼が道を渡るのを見た。)
|
He was seen to cross the street. / … crossing …
|
知覚 to do =全体/doing =進行 |
💪 合言葉は 「O→S / be時制 / Vpp / C固定」。
この4ビートが身体に入れば、SVOCの受動は“見る→言う→書く”が一気通貫で安定します。
O → S
、be(時制)+Vpp+C
が基本。とくに
make / hear / see
は受動で to 不定詞
になるのが最大ポイント!例:
They made him leave.
→ He was made to leave.
ミニメモ:
elected/appointed/named + 役職
は通常 無冠詞(elected president
)。状態のCは形容詞:
kept open
/ found empty
(opened
ではない)。
総まとめ:文型 × 受動態
本レッスンの肝は 「O→S / be(時制)/ Vpp / Cはそのまま」 の4ビート。
第3(SVO)・第4(SVOO:give→to
/ buy→for
)・第5(SVOC)を
能動→受動に即変換できることをゴールに、要点・比較表・1行ドリルで仕上げます。
give→to
/buy→for
)・第5(Cはそのまま)
相:is being + Vpp
/完了:has/have been + Vpp
副詞は be
の直後(is often called
)
by句:重要なときだけ付ける
不可:再帰・相互・同族目的語/自動詞は受動化しにくい
能動(文型) | 受動(型) | ポイント |
---|---|---|
All the students respect him.
(すべての生徒が彼を尊敬している。)
|
He is respected (by all the students).
|
第3 by句は情報次第で省略OK |
I gave her a book.
(私は彼女に本をあげた。)
|
She was given a book. /
A book was given to her.
|
第4 give 物主語は to 人 必須 |
They cooked us dinner.
(彼らは私たちに夕食を作ってくれた。)
|
Dinner was cooked for us.
|
第4 buy 原則:物主語+for 人 |
The committee appointed her director.
(委員会は彼女をディレクターに任命した。)
|
She was appointed director.
|
第5 Cは位置そのまま/肩書は無冠詞 |
They made her feel special.
(彼らは彼女を特別だと感じさせた。)
|
She was made to feel special.
|
最重要 能動原形→受動は to 不定詞 |
能動→受動:5ステップ
合言葉:O→S
/ be(時制)
/ Vpp
/ C固定。
第3(SVO)・第4(give→to
/ buy→for
)・第5(SVOC)を
手順で確認します。
O→S / be時制 / Vpp / C固定
All the students respect him.
- O→S:
He
に(代名詞は主格に) - be: 現在・単数 →
is
- Vpp:
respect → respected
- C:(なし)
- 仕上げ: 必要なら
by 〜
、副詞はbe
の直後
He is respected (by all the students).
I gave her a book.
- O→S: 人主語 or 物主語のどちらもOK
- be: 過去 →
was / were
- Vpp:
give → given
- C:(なし)
- 前置詞: 物主語なら
to 人
を付与
She was given a book.
物主語:
A book was given to her.
They cooked us dinner.
- O→S: ふつう 物主語
- be: 過去 →
was
- Vpp:
cook → cooked
- C:(なし)
- 前置詞:
for 人
を必ず付与
Dinner was cooked for us.
The committee appointed her director.
- O→S:
her → She
- be: 過去 →
was
- Vpp:
appoint → appointed
- C: そのまま後ろへ(役職は無冠詞)
- 前置詞/副詞: 原則不要。副詞は
be
の直後へ
She was appointed director.
- 代名詞は 主格に(
him → He
) - 副詞は
be
の直後(is often called
) - 第4:
give→to 人
/buy→for 人
- 第5:Cはそのまま(役職は無冠詞)
make/hear/see
の受動でto
を忘れる(×was made leave
)- 状態Cを分詞にする(×
kept opened
→ ○kept open
) - 行為者が不要なのに
by〜
を付ける
🧭 受動化フローチャート(迷ったら30秒で決める)
O→S / be時制 / Vpp / C固定
第4:give→to 人
/ buy→for 人
第5:Cはそのまま(役職は無冠詞 / 状態は形容詞)
副詞位置:is often called
He arrived.
(×受動)
S + be + Vpp (+ by 〜)
- by句は行為者が重要なときだけ
- 副詞は
be
直後:is often called
- 再帰・相互・同族目的語は不可
All the students respect him.
He is respected (by all the students).
give/offer/lend/send/show/tell...
I gave her a book.
She was given a book.
A book was given to her.
buy/get/make/choose/cook...
for 人
They cooked us dinner.
Dinner was cooked for us.
O → S
、Cはそのまま(位置キープ)- 役職Cは無冠詞:
elected president
- 状態Cは形容詞:
kept open
- 使役・知覚受動は
to
不定詞:was made to leave
The committee appointed her director.
She was appointed director.
📱 見づらい場合はテキスト版フローを見る
- 目的語があるか確認(ない→受動不可)
- 文型判定:第3 / 第4 / 第5
- 第4は give→to 人/buy→for 人
- 第5は Cをそのまま(役職無冠詞・状態形容詞)
- O→S / be時制 / Vpp、副詞位置と by句を調整
🎧 発音・リズム仕上げ(弱形+シャドーイング1分)
弱形・リンキング・強勢位置を押さえて「受動のコアリズム」を身体に入れる。
機能語 | 弱形(普段) | 強形(強調・独立) | 使い分けメモ |
---|---|---|---|
is / are / was / were |
/z/・/ər/・/wəz/・/wər/ | /ɪz/・/ɑːr/・/wʌz/・/wɜːr/ | 内容語に強勢を渡すために短く。「is はしばしば /z/ まで弱化。 |
to |
/tə/ | /tuː/ | 速い連結:made tə feel。対比強調や語末で to /tuː/。 |
for |
/fər/ | /fɔːr/ | cooked fər us のように短く流す。 |
a / an / the |
/ə/・/ən/・/ðə/ | /eɪ/・/æn/・/ðiː/(強調・母音前) | called ə genius/ðə plan。母音前は the /ðiː/。 |
and / of / by |
/ən(d)/・/əv/・/baɪ/(短く) | /ænd/・/ɒv/・/baɪ/(強勢) | bread ən butter/kind əv。by は情報が重要でない限り短め。 |
is‿often
→ /z‿ɔːfən/made‿to
→ /meɪd‿tə/called‿a
→ /kɔːld‿ə/for‿us
→ /fər‿ʌs/
- is→/z/: He’s often… の感覚で短く
- to→/tə/: 直前が子音なら特に短く(made tə)
- 役職C: appointed director は director に強勢、
as
は原則不要
He is often called a genius.
IPA
She was made to feel special.
IPA
Dinner was cooked for us.
IPA
機能語は弱く、内容語に強勢。リンキング(
made‿to
、for‿us
)を意識。
🧩 受動と相性の良い“型フレーズ”ミニ表(訳・ニュアンスつき)
そのまま使える受動の定番を、直訳+意訳+ニュアンスで一目理解。単語にマウスを乗せるとミニ解説(ツールチップ)も出ます。
be allowed/required/supposed/expected to V
Employees are required to wear badges.
be supposed to
の to忘れ/禁止は not supposed to。
be encouraged/invited to V
Participants are encouraged to ask questions.
be meant to V / be loved by 人
We are meant to be together.
be equipped/filled/crowded with N
The device is equipped with sensors.
be involved/interested in N
She is interested in linguistics.
interested on
は×。be based on N
The conclusions are based on data.
be known as N / known for N
She is known as a pioneer.
/
She is known for her honesty.
as
(身分・肩書)と for
(理由・特長)は置換不可。be made of / made from / made out of N
The desk is made of wood.
/
Paper is made from wood.
be subject to N
The offer is subject to approval.
be caused by N
The delay was caused by a system error.
by〜
を省略(冗長回避)。be composed of / be comprised of
The panel is composed of experts.
allowed
=許可された(禁止ではない)required
=義務化されている(必須)supposed to
=~することになっている/~すべきexpected to
=~することが期待されるencouraged to
=~するよう促されるinvited to
=~するよう依頼/招待されるmeant to
=~する運命/意図だbased on
=~に基づく(根拠)equipped with
=~を装備しているfilled with
=~で満ちているinvolved in
=~に関与しているknown as/for
=~として/~で知られるsubject to
=~の対象/~次第caused by
=~が原因でcomposed of
=~から成るmade of/from/out of
=素材/変化/転用🖨 印刷用チートシート(A4 1ページ)
最小限で最大効果。合言葉/手順/型/前置詞/不規則Vpp を1枚に凝縮。
O→S
/ be(時制・数)
/ Vpp
/ C固定 / give→to
/ buy→for
/ 使役・知覚→to
- 目的語Oを主語Sへ(代名詞は主格に)
be
を主語の時制・数に一致- 動詞を
Vpp
(不規則は表参照) - 第5は Cをそのまま(役職は無冠詞/状態は形容詞)
- 第4は
give→to 人
/buy→for 人
、副詞はbe
の直後
- 第3 SVO
S(元O) + be + Vpp (+ by 〜)
- 第4 give
She was given a book.
/A book was given to her.
- 第4 buy
Dinner was cooked for us.
- 第5 SVOC
O + be + Vpp + C
(appointed director
/kept open
/was made to leave
)
- 副詞は
be
の直後:is often called
by
は行為者が新情報・重要なときだけ- 受動にしにくいO:再帰(
myself
)/相互(each other
)/同族(dream a dream
)
be → been
do → done
go → gone
get → gotten/got
give → given
make → made
see → seen
write → written
choose → chosen
take → taken
keep → kept
build → built
with
=装備・充満:equipped with / filled with
in
=領域・状態:interested in / involved in
on
=根拠:based on
as
=肩書/for
=理由:known as/for
of
/from
=材料:made of/from
by
=原因・行為者(必要時のみ)
give→to 人
/ buy→for 人
を徹底。He is often called a genius.
She was made to feel special.
Dinner was cooked for us.
なぜ「能動→受動」を鍛えると伸びるのか
- 読解が速くなる:ニュース・論文の
be + Vpp
構文を塊で認識できる。 - 焦点操作が上手くなる:主語=話題を自在に前出し。伝えたい順に並べ替え可能。
- ミスが減る:
to/for/by/as/in/on
の選択が自動化=書くのが速い。 - 試験・面接に強い:言い換え・要約で得点源。曖昧さを減らし論理が通る。
- 3×3ルール:1日3文を3秒で変換、3日連続。
- 声出しセット:各文を「聞く→重ねる→シャドー」で20秒。
- 暗唱の核:合言葉「
O→S / be時制 / Vpp / C固定
」。
O → S
・be(時制)+Vpp
・Cはそのまま
| give型→to 人
| buy型→for 人
| make/see/hear
→受動でto 不定詞
💪 合言葉は 「O→S/be時制/Vpp/C固定」。これが入れば読解もスピーキングも安定します。